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Just kinda confused about them. Like, are they something that you can just say by yourself at home? and how many times do you say them, or for how long? I know the right answer is probably yes and as many as you want, but just for a guideline.
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I suggest that you try different mantras and see what works for you for a particular purpose. If you don't know what a mantra is for, then it's probably not a good mantra for you. Keep repeating them until they have achieved their purpose.
Depends on why you are doing them.
For the most part mantras are embedded in the Vajrayana path (some can certainly be used outside of specific Vajrayana practice though). One of the main reasons for this is the Vajrayana emphasis on bring the body and speech into the path along with the mind.
The appropriate use of mantra can actually include all forms of Buddhist meditation into a single practice, insight, concentration, visualization, compassion, skillful means etc.
The mantra itself is seen as enlightened speech, they are used with visualization etc. in order to complete the Vajrayana ideal of bringing the body, speech, and mind into the path simultaneously.
Mantras are a way of re-training your mind, your mental habits. Buddhism is a way of retraining your mind, your mental habits. There may be some esoteric truths deeper than this behind saying mantras, but at my low level of insight, I have not encountered them.
"The path is indicated by the next four syllables. Mani, meaning jewel, symbolizes the factors of method: (the) altruistic intention to become enlightened, compassion, and love.[...]"
"The two syllables, padme, meaning lotus, symbolize wisdom[...]"
"Purity must be achieved by an indivisible unity of method and wisdom, symbolized by the final syllable hum, which indicates indivisibility[...]"
"Thus the six syllables, om mani padme hum, mean that in dependence on the practice of a path which is an indivisible union of method and wisdom, you can transform your impure body, speech, and mind into the pure exalted body, speech, and mind of a Buddha[...]"
-- H.H. Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama, "Om Mani Padme Hum"
As in almost everything in Vajrayana, it depends on the instructions of the teacher that gave you the specific mantra. In general terms, you can repeat some of them anytime, anywhere. It is also good to bear in mind the general "meaning" of the mantra and its syllables.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum
This is a pretty good article on this I think, it has some good quotations.